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Optatam Totius

Decree on Priestly Training

October 28, 1965

Pope St. Paul VI

Vatican II

Authoritative Original Source: AAS 58 (1966) p713

English Source: Vatican Website Latin Source: Vatican Website


Animated by the spirit of Christ, this sacred synod is fully aware that the desired renewal of the whole Church depends to a great extent on the ministry of its priests. It proclaims the extreme importance of priestly training and lays down certain basic principles by which those regulations may be strengthened which long use has shown to be sound and by which those new elements can be added which correspond to the constitutions and decrees of this sacred council and to the changed conditions of our times. Because of the very unity of the Catholic priesthood this priestly formation is necessary for all priests, diocesan and religious and of every rite. Wherefore, while these prescriptions directly concern the diocesan clergy, they are to be appropriately adapted to all.

Prooemium

OPTATAM TOTIUS Ecclesiae renovationem probe noscens Sancta Synodus a sacerdotum ministerio, Christi spiritu animato, magna ex parte pendere,(1)Universi populi Dei progressum ex ipsius Christi voluntate a sacerdotum ministerio quam maxime pendere, ex verbis patet quibus Dominus Apostolos eorumque successores et cooperatores constituit Evangelii praecones, novi populi electi duces et mysteriorum Dei dispensatores; idem confirmatur ex Patrum ac Sanctorum effatis atque ex iteratis Summorum Pontificum documentis. Cf. in primis: S. PIUS X, Exhort. ad Clerum Haerent animo, 4 aug. 1908: S. Pii X Acta IV, pp. 237-261. PIUS XI, Litt. Encycl. Ad catholici Sacerdotii, 20 dec. 1935: AAS 28 (1936), imprimis pp. 37-52.PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, 23 sept. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), pp. 657-702. IOANNES XXIII, Litt. Encycl. Sacerdotii Nostri primordia, aug. 1959: AAS 51 (1959), pp. 545-579. PAULUS VI, Ep. Apost. Summi Dei Verbum, 4 nov. 1963: AAS 55 (1963), pp. 979-995. gravissimum institutionis sacerdotalis momentum proclamat, eiusque primaria quaedam principia declarat, quibus confirmentur leges iam saeculorum usu probatae in easque nova inducantur, quae huius Sancti Concilii Constitutionibus et Decretis necnon mutatis temporum rationibus respondeant. Quae sacerdotalis conformatio ob ipsam catholici sacerdotii unitatem, omnibus sacerdotibus utriusque cleri et cuiusvis ritus necessaria est; ideoque haec praescripta, quae clerum dioecesanum directe respiciunt, congrua congruis referendo, omnibus accommodanda sunt.
§1 Since only general laws can be made where there exists a wide variety of nations and regions, a special "program of priestly training" is to be undertaken by each country or rite. It must be set up by the episcopal conferences, revised from time to time and approved by the Apostolic See. In this way will the universal laws be adapted to the particular circumstances of the times and localities so that the priestly training will always be in tune with the pastoral needs of those regions in which the ministry is to be exercised. §1 Cum in tanta gentium regionumque diversitate nonnisi generales leges ferri possint, in singulis nationibus vel ritibus peculiaris «Sacerdotalis Institutionis Ratio» ineatur, ab Episcoporum Conferentiis statuenda,(2)Universa institutio sacerdotalis, id est Seminarii ordinatio, institutio spiritualis, ratio studiorum, alumnorum vita communis et disciplina, exercitia pastoralia variis locorum adiunctis accommodanda sunt. Quae accommodatio, ad praecipua principia quod spectat, secundum normas communes facienda est, pro clero saeculari ab Episcoporum Conferentiis, et congrua ratione a Superioribus competentibus pro clero regulari (cf. S. Congr. de Religiosis, Const. Apost. Sedes Sapientiae eique adnexa Statuta Generalia, art. 19, ed. altera, Romae, pp. 38 s.). certis temporibus recognoscenda atque ab Apostolica Sede approbanda, qua leges universales ad peculiaria locorum temporumque adiuncta accommodentur, ut sacerdotalis institutio semper congruat pastoralibus necessitatibus illarum regionum in quibus ministerium exercendum sit.
§2 The duty of fostering vocations pertains to the whole Christian community, which should exercise it above all by a fully Christian life. The principal contributors to this are the families which, animated by the spirit of faith and love and by the sense of duty, become a kind of initial seminary, and the parishes in whose rich life the young people take part. Teachers and all those who are in any way in charge of the training of boys and young men, especially Catholic associations, should carefully guide the young people entrusted to them so that these will recognize and freely accept a divine vocation. All priests especially are to manifest an apostolic zeal in fostering vocations and are to attract the interest of youths to the priesthood by their own life lived in a humble and industrious manner and in a happy spirit as well as by mutual priestly charity and fraternal sharing of labor. §2 Fovendarum vocationum officium(3)Inter praecipuas aerumnas quibus Ecclesia hodie affligitur, fere ubique eminet vocationum exigua copia. Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae: «... sacerdotum numerus cum in catholicorum regionibus, tum in missionalibus terris, impar plerumque increscentibus necessitatibus est»: AAS 42 (1950), p. 682. IOANNES XXIII «Il problema delle vocazioni ecclesiastiche e religiose è quotidiana sollecitudine del Papa..., e sospiro della sua preghiera, aspirazione ardente della sua anima». (Ex Allocutione ad I Congressum Internationalem de Vocationibus ad Status Perfectionis, 16 dec. 1961: AAS 54 (1962), p. 33. ad totam christianam communitatem pertinet, quae imprimis vita plene christiana id provehere debet; maxime in id conferunt tum familiae, quae, spiritu fidei, caritatis et pietatis animatae, veluti primum seminarium fiunt, tum paroeciae quarum uberem vitam ipsi adolescentes participant. Magistri atque omnes qui puerorum iuvenumque institutionem quovis modo curant, praecipue Consociationes Catholicae, adolescentes sibi concreditos ita excolere studeant ut vocationem divinam percipere et libenter sequi valeant. Omnes sacerdotes zelum apostolicum in fovendis vocationibus quam maxime ostendant et propria ipsorum vita humili, operosa, laeto animo peracta, necnon mutua sacerdotali caritate et fraterna operae consortione, adolescentium animos ad sacerdotium trahant.
Bishops on the other hand are to encourage their flock to promote vocations and should be concerned with coordinating all forces in a united effort to this end. As fathers, moreover, they must assist without stint those whom they have judged to be called to the Lord's work. Episcoporum autem est in vocationibus provehendis gregem suum excitare arctamque omnium virium laborumque curare coniunctionem; eos vero quos ipsi ad sortem Domini vocatos iudicaverint, ut patres, nullis parcentes sacrificiis adiuvare.
The effective union of the whole people of God in fostering vocations is the proper response to the action of Divine Providence which confers the fitting gifts on those men divinely chosen to participate in the hierarchical priesthood of Christ and helps them by His grace. Moreover, this same Providence charges the legitimate ministers of the Church to call forward and to consecrate with the sign of the Holy Spirit to the worship of God and to the service of the Church those candidates whose fitness has been acknowledged and who have sought so great an office with the right intention and with full freedom. Haec actuosa ad vocationes fovendas universi populi Dei conspiratio Divinae Providentiae actioni respondet, quae hominibus ad Christi Sacerdotium hierarchicum participandum divinitus electis congruas dotes tribuit eosque sua gratia adiuvat, dum legitimis Ecclesiae ministris committit ut idoneitate agnita, candidatos qui tantum munus recta intentione et plena libertate petierint, comprobatos vocent et Sancti Spiritus sigillo Dei cultui et Ecclesiae servitio consecrent.(4)PIUS XII, Const. Apost. Sedes Sapientiae, 31 maii 1956: AAS 48 (1956), p. 357. PAULUS VI, Ep. Apost. Summi Dei Verbum, 4 nov. 1963: AAS 55 (1963), pp. 984 ss.
The sacred synod commends first of all the traditional means of common effort, such as urgent prayer, Christian penance and a constantly more intensive training of the faithful by preaching, by catechetical instructions or by the many media of social communication that will show forth the need, the nature and the importance of the priestly vocation. The synod moreover orders that the entire pastoral activity of fostering vocations be methodically and coherently planned and, with equal prudence and zeal, fostered by those organizations for promoting vocations which, in accord with the appropriate pontifical documents, have already been or will be set up in the territory of individual dioceses, regions or countries. Also, no opportune aids are to be overlooked which modern Psychological and sociological research has brought to light. Sancta Synodus tradita quidem communis cooperationis subsidia imprimis commendat uti sunt instans oratio, christiana paenitentia necnon in dies altior christifidelium institutio, sive praedicatione et catechesi sive etiam variis communicationis socialis instrumentis impertienda, qua quidem necessitas, natura et praestantia vocationis sacerdotalis declarentur. Insuper mandat ut Opera vocationum, secundum pontificia ad rem documenta, in singularum dioecesium, regionum vel nationum ambitu iam constituta vel ineunda, universam fovendarum vocationum pastoralem actionem, nullis opportunis auxiliis posthabitis quae hodiernae doctrinae psychologicae et sociologicae utiliter protulerint, methodice et cohaerenter disponant atque pari discretione ac zelo promoveant.(5)Cf. imprimis: PIUS XII, Motu proprio Cum nobis «de Pontificio Opere Vocationum Sacerdotalium apud S. Congregationem Seminariis et Studiorum Universitatibus praepositam constituendo», 4 nov. 1941: AAS 33 (1941), p. 479; cum adnexis Statutis et Normis ab eadem S. Congregatione promulgatis die 8 sept. 1943. Motu proprio Cum supremae «de Pontificio Opere primario religiosarum vocationum», 11 febr. 1955: AAS 47 (1955), p. 266; cum adnexis Statutis et Normis a S. Congr. de Religiosis promulgatis (ibid., pp. 298-301); CONC. VAT. II, Decr. De accommodata renovatione vitae religiosae, Perfectae Caritatis, n. 24; Decr. De Pastorali Episcoporum munere in Ecclesia, Christus Dominus, n. 15.
The work of fostering vocations should, in a spirit of openness, transcend the limits of individual dioceses, countries, religious families and rites. Looking to the needs of the universal Church, it should provide aid particularly for those regions in which workers for the Lord's vineyard are being requested more urgently. Opus vero fovendarum vocationum fines singularum dioecesium, nationum, familiarum religiosarum atque rituum dilatato corde transcendat oportet atque ad universalis Ecclesiae necessitates respiciens illis praecipue regionibus auxilium afferat, in quibus ad Domini vineam instantius operarii advocantur.
§3 In minor seminaries erected to develop the seeds of vocations, the students should be prepared by special religious formation, particularly through appropriate spiritual direction, to follow Christ the Redeemer with generosity of spirit and purity of heart. Under the fatherly direction of the superiors, and with the proper cooperation of the parents, their daily routine should be in accord with the age, the character and the stage of development of adolescence and fully adapted to the norms of a healthy psychology. Nor should the fitting opportunity be lacking for social and cultural contacts and for contact with one's own family. Moreover, whatever is decreed in the following paragraphs about major seminaries is also to be adapted to the minor seminary to the extent that it is in accord with its purpose and structure. Also, studies undertaken by the students should be so arranged that they can easily continue them elsewhere should they choose a different state of life. §3 In Seminariis Minoribus ad germina vocationis excolenda erectis alumni peculiari religiosa conformatione, imprimis apta moderatione spirituali, ad Christum Redemptorem generoso animo et puro corde sequendum componantur. Sub paterno superiorum moderamine, parentibus opportune cooperantibus, vitam ducant quae adolescentium aetati, spiritui et evolutioni conveniat et sanae psychologiae normis plene aptetur, congrua rerum humanarum experientia et consuetudine cum propria familia non praetermissis.(6)Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, 23 sept. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), p. 685. Ea praeterea quae in sequentibus de Seminariis Maioribus statuuntur, quatenus fini et rationi Seminarii Minoris conveniunt, ipsi quoque accommodentur. Studia ab alumnis peragenda sic ordinentur oportet ut ipsi ea sine incommodo alibi prosequi possint, si alium vitae statum amplectantur.
With equal concern the seeds of vocations among adolescents and young men are also to be fostered in those special institutes which, in accord with the local circumstances, serve the purpose of a minor seminary as well as among those who are trained in other schools or by other educational means. Finally, those institutions and other schools initiated for those with a belated vocation are to be carefully developed. Pari cura foveantur etiam germina vocationis adolescentium et iuvenum in peculiaribus Institutis quae pro locorum adiunctis Seminariorum Minorum quoque fini inserviunt, necnon eorum qui sive in aliis scholis sive ceteris educationis mediis instituuntur; ac sedulo promoveantur Instituta aliaque incoepta pro iis qui maiore aetate divinam sequuntur vocationem.
§4 Major seminaries are necessary for priestly formation. Here the entire training of the students should be oriented to the formation of true shepherds of souls after the model of our Lord Jesus Christ, teacher, priest and shepherd. They are therefore to be prepared for the ministry of the word: that they might understand ever more perfectly the revealed word of God; that, meditating on it they might possess it more firmly, and that they might express it in words and in example; for the ministry of worship and of sanctification: that through their prayers and their carrying out of the sacred liturgical celebrations they might perfect the work oœ salvation through the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments; for the ministry of the parish: that they might know how to make Christ present to men, Him who did not "come to be served but to serve and to give His life as a ransom for many" (Mark 10:45; cf. John 13:12-17), and that, having become the servants of all, they might win over all the more (cf. 1 Cor. 9:19). §4 Seminaria Maiora ad sacerdotalem conformationem necessaria sunt. In eis integra alumnorum institutio eo tendere debet ut ad exemplar Domini Nostri Iesu Christi, Magistri, Sacerdotis et Pastoris, veri animarum pastores ipsi formentur;(7)Cf. CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium, n. 28: AAS 57 (1965), p. 34. praeparentur ergo ad ministerium verbi: ut verbum Dei revelatum semper melius intelligant, meditantes possideant, lingua et moribus exprimant; ad ministerium cultus et sanctificationis: ut orantes et sacras liturgicas celebrationes peragentes opus salutis per Sacrificium eucharisticum et Sacramenta exerceant; ad ministerium Pastoris: ut sciant repraesentare hominibus Christum, qui «non venit, ut ministraretur ei, sed ut ministraret et daret animam suam redemptionem pro multis» (Mc. 10, 45; cf. Io. 13, 12-17) et ut, omnium facti servi, plures lucrifaciant (cf. I Cor. 9, 19).
Therefore, all the forms of training, spiritual, intellectual, disciplinary, are to be ordered with concerted effort towards this pastoral end, and to attain it all the administrators and teachers are to work zealously and harmoniously together, faithfully obedient to the authority of the bishop. Quare omnes institutionis rationes, spiritualis, intellectualis, disciplinaris, consociata actione ad hunc finem pastoralem ordinentur, eique assequendo sedulam concordemque operam navent omnes moderatores et magistri, Episcopi auctoritati fideliter obsequentes.
§5 Since the training of students depends both on wise laws and, most of all, on qualified educators, the administrators and teachers of seminaries are to be selected from the best men, and are to be carefully prepared in sound doctrine, suitable pastoral experience and special spiritual and pedagogical training. Institutes, therefore, should be set up to attain this end. Or at least courses are to be arranged with a proper program, and the meetings of seminary directors are to take place at specified times. §5 Cum alumnorum institutio et a sapientibus legibus et maxime quidem ab idoneis educatoribus pendeat, Seminariorum moderatores et magistri ex optimis viris seligantur(8)Cf. PIUS XI, Litt. Encycl. Ad Catholici Sacerdotii, 20 dec. 1935: AAS 28 (1936), p. 37: «Diligens imprimis esto moderatorum magistrorumque dilectus... Sacris eiusmodi conlegiis sacerdotes tribuite maxima virtute ornatos; neque gravemini eos e muneribus abstrahere, specie quidem maioris ponderis, quae tamen cum hac capitali re, cuius partes nulla alia susceperit, comparari nequeunt». Quod seligendi optimos principium iterum inculcatur a Pio XII in Litteris Apostolicis ad Ordinarios Brasiliae directis die 23 aprilis 1947, Discorsi e Radiomessaggi IX, pp. 579-580. atque solida doctrina, congrua experientia pastorali et peculiari institutione spirituali et paedagogica diligenter praeparentur. Instituta igitur ad hunc finem assequendum vel saltem cursus apta ratione disponendi necnon Moderatorum Seminariorum conventus statutis temporibus celebrandi promoveantur oportet.
Administrators, however, and teachers must be keenly aware of how much the success of the students' formation depends on their manner of thinking and acting. Under the rector's leadership they are to form a very closely knit community both in spirit and in activity and they are to constitute among themselves and with the students that kind of family that will answer to the Lord's prayer "That they be one" (cf. John 17:11) and that will develop in the students a deep joy in their own vocation. The bishop, on the other hand, should, with a constant and loving solicitude, encourage those who labor in the seminary and prove himself a true father in Christ to the students themselves. Finally, all priests are to look on the seminary as the heart of the diocese and are to offer willingly their own helpful service. Moderatores vero et magistri persentiant quantopere a suipsorum cogitandi agendique ratione pendeat alumnorum formationis exitus; sub Rectoris ductu arctissimam spiritus et actionis consortionem ineant atque inter semetipsos et cum alumnis eam familiam constituant quae Domini orationi «Ut sint unum» (Io. 17, 11) respondeat et in alumnis propriae vocationis gaudium nutriat. Episcopus autem assidua praedilectionis cura animet eos qui in Seminario laborant ac ipsis alumnis se demonstret verum in Christo Patrem. Omnes denique sacerdotes cor dioecesis Seminarium considerent eique propriam adiutricem operam libenter praestent.(9)De communi officio Seminariis auxiliatricem operam navandi cf. PAULUS VI, Ep. Apost. Summi Dei Verbum, 4 nov. 1963: AAS 55 (1963), p. 984.
§6 With watchful concern for the age of each and for his stage of progress, an inquiry should be made into the candidate's proper intention and freedom of choice, into his spiritual, moral and intellectual qualifications, into his appropriate physical and psychic health-taking into consideration also possible hereditary deficiencies. Also to be considered is the ability of the candidate to bear the priestly burdens and exercise the pastoral offices. §6 Vigilanti cura, pro singulorum aetate eorumque progressu, inquiratur de candidatorum recta intentione ac libera voluntate, de idoneitate spirituali, morali et intellectuali, de congrua physica et psychica valetudine, consideratis quoque dispositionibus a familia forsan transmissis. Expendatur quoque candidatorum capacitas sacerdotalia onera ferendi et officia pastoralia exercendi.(10)Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, 23 sept. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), p. 684; S. CONGR. DE SACRAMENTIS, Litt. circulares Magna equidem ad locorum Ordinarios, 27 dec. 1935, n. 10. Pro religiosis cf. Statuta Generalia adnexa Constitutioni Apostolicae Sedes Sapientiae, 31 maii 1956, art. 33. PAULUS VI, Ep. Apost. Summi Dei Verbum, 4 nov. 1963: AAS 55 (1963), p. 987 s.
In the entire process of selecting and testing students, however, a due firmness is to be adopted, even if a deplorable lack of priests should exist, since God will not allow His Church to want for ministers if those who are worthy are promoted and those not qualified are, at an early date, guided in a fatherly way to undertake other tasks. The latter should also be given sufficient direction so that, conscious of their vocation as Christians, they might eagerly embrace the lay apostolate. In universa autem alumnorum selectione et probatione debita semper adhibeatur animi firmitas etiamsi lugenda sit sacerdotum penuria,(11)Cf. PIUS XI, Litt. Encycl. Ad Catholici Sacerdotii, 20 dec. 1935: AAS 28 (1936), p. 41. cum Deus Ecclesiam suam ministris carere non sinat, si digni promoveantur, non idonei tempestive ad alia munera obeunda paterne dirigantur atque iuventur ut vocationis suae christianae conscii, alacriter apostolatum laicalem ineant.
§7 Where individual dioceses are unable to institute their own seminaries properly, seminaries for many dioceses or for an entire region or for a country are to be set up and developed, so that the sound training of the students, which must be considered the supreme law in this matter, can be taken care of in a more effective manner. These seminaries, if they are regional or national, are to be regulated according to directives set down by the bishops concerned and approved by the Apostolic See. §7 Ubi singulae dioeceses proprio Seminario rite instruendo impares sint, erigantur ac foveantur Seminaria pluribus dioecesibus vel universae regioni vel nationi communia, ut solidae alumnorum institutioni, quae in hac re suprema lex est habenda, efficaciore ratione consulatur. Haec vero Seminaria, si regionalia sint vel nationalia, regantur iuxta statuta ab Episcopis quorum interest(12)Statuitur, ut in determinandis Seminariorum regionalium vel nationalium Statutis omnes Episcopi quorum interest partem habeant, derogando praescripto canonis 1357, par. 4 CIC. condita et ab Apostolica Sede probata.
In these seminaries, however, where there are many students, while retaining a unity of direction and of scientific training, the students should be conveniently divided into smaller groups so that a better provision is had for the personal formation of each. In Seminariis autem ubi multi sunt alumni, retenta regiminis et scientificae institutionis unitate, alumni apta ratione distribuantur in coetus minores ut singulorum conformationi personali melius provideatur.
§8 The spiritual training should be closely connected with the doctrinal and pastoral, and, with the special help of the spiritual director, should be imparted in such a way that the students might learn to live in an intimate and unceasing union with the Father through His Son Jesus Christ in the Holy Spirit. Conformed to Christ the Priest through their sacred ordination they should be accustomed to adhere to Him as friends, in an intimate companionship, their whole life through. They should so live His paschal mystery themselves that they can initiate into it the flock committed to them. They should be taught to seek Christ in the faithful meditation on God's word, in the active participation in the sacred mysteries of the Church, especially in the Eucharist and in the divine office, in the bishop who sends them and in the people to whom they are sent, especially the poor, the children, the sick, the sinners and the unbelievers. They should love and venerate with a filial trust the most blessed Virgin Mary, who was given as mother to the disciple by Christ Jesus as He was dying on the cross. §8 Institutio spiritualis cum doctrinali et pastorali arcte connectatur et, directore spiritus praecipue adiuvante,(13)Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, 23 sept. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), p. 674; S. CONGR. DE SEM. ET STUD. UNIV., La Formazione spirituale del candidato al sacerdozio, Città del Vaticano 1965. ita impertiatur, ut alumni cum Patre per Filium Eius Iesum Christum in Spiritu Sancto familiari et assidua societate vivere discant. Per sacram ordinationem Christo Sacerdoti configurandi, etiam intima totius vitae consortione, ut amici, Ei adhaerere assuescant.(14)Cf. S. PIUS X, Exhort. ad Clerum, Haerent animo, 4 aug. 1908: S. Pii X Acta, IV, pp. 242-244; PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, 23 sept. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), pp. 659-661; IOANNES XXIII, Litt. Encycl. Sacerdotii Nostri primordia, 1 aug. 1959: AAS 51 (1959), p. 550 s. Eius Mysterium Paschale ita vivant ut in illud initiare sciant plebem sibi committendam. Christum quaerere edoceantur in verbi Dei fideli meditatione, in actuosa cum sacrosanctis Ecclesiae Mysteriis communicatione, imprimis in Eucharistia et in officio divino;(15)Cf. PIUS XII, Litt. Encycl. Mediator Dei, 20 nov. 1947: AAS 39 (1947), pp. 547 ss. et 572 s.; IOANNES XXIII, Adhort. Apost. Sacrae Laudis, 6 ian. 1962: AAS 54 (1962), p. 69; CONC. VAT. II, Const. de Sacra Liturgia, Sacrosanctum Concilium, art. 16 et 17: AAS 56 (1964), p. 104 s.; S. CONGR. RITUUM, Instructio ad exsecutionem Constitutionis de Sacra Liturgia recte ordinandam, 26 sept. 1964, nn. 14-17: AAS 56 (1964), p. 880 s. in Episcopo, qui eos mittit et in hominibus ad quos mittuntur praesertim pauperibus, parvulis, infirmis, peccatoribus et incredulis. Beatissimam Virginem Mariam, quae a Christo Iesu in cruce moriente discipulo data est uti mater, filiali fiducia diligant et colant.
Those practices of piety that are commended by the long usage of the Church should be zealously cultivated; but care should be taken lest the spiritual formation consist in them alone or lest it develop only a religious affectation. The students should learn to live according to the Gospel ideal, to be strengthened in faith, hope and charity, so that, in the exercise of these practices, they may acquire the spirit of prayer, learn to defend and strengthen their vocation, obtain an increase of other virtues and grow in the zeal to gain all men for Christ. Enixe foveantur pietatis exercitia venerando Ecclesiae usu commendata; curandum vero est ne formatio spiritualis in iis solis consistat nec solum affectum religiosum excolat. Discant potius alumni secundum formam Evangelii vivere, in fide, spe et caritate firmari, ut in earum exercitio spiritum orationis sibi acquirant,(16)Cf. IOANNES XXIII, Litt. Encycl. Sacerdotii Nostri Primordia: AAS 51 (1959), p. 559 s. vocationis suae robur et munimen consequantur, ceterarum virtutum vigorem obtineant et zelo omnes homines Christo lucrifaciendi crescant.
§9 The students should be so saturated with the mystery of the Church, especially as described by this sacred synod, that, bound to the Vicar of Christ in a humble and trusting charity and, once ordained priests, adhering to their own bishop as faithful helpers and engaging in a common effort with their fellow-priests, they bear witness to that unity that attracts men to Christ. They should learn to take part with a generous heart in the life of the whole Church in accord with what St. Augustine wrote: "to the extent that one loves the Church of Christ, to that extent does he possess the Holy Spirit." The students should understand most clearly that they are not destined for domination or for honors but are given over totally to the service of God and to the pastoral ministry. With a particular concern should they be so formed in priestly obedience, in a simple way of life and in the spirit of self-denial that they are accustomed to giving up willingly even those things which are permitted but are not expedient, and to conform themselves to Christ crucified. §9 Mysterio Ecclesiae ab hac Sancta Synodo praecipue illustrato alumni ita imbuantur ut Christi Vicario humili et filiali caritate devincti atque, sacerdotio aucti, proprio Episcopo tamquam fidi cooperatores adhaerentes et sociam cum fratribus operam praestantes, testimonium exhibeant illius unitatis qua homines ad Christum attrahuntur.(17)Cf. CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium, n. 28: AAS 57 (1965), p. 35 s. Dilatato corde participare discant in totius Ecclesiae vita secundum illud S. Augustini: «Quantum quisque amat Ecclesiam Christi, tantum habet Spiritum Sanctum».(18)S. AUGUSTINUS, In Ioannem tract. 32, 8: PL 35, 1646. Clarissime intelligant alumni, se non dominatui nec honoribus destinari, sed totos servitio Dei et pastorali ministerio mancipari. Peculiari sollicitudine in sacerdotali oboedientia, in pauperis vitae ratione et in sui abnegandi spiritu ita excolantur,(19)Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae: AAS 42 (1950), pp. 662 s., 685, 690; IOANNES XXIII, Litt. Encycl. Sacerdotii Nostri Primordia: AAS 51 (1959), pp. 551-553; 556 s.; PAULUS VI, Litt. Encycl. Ecclesiam suam, 6 aug. 1964: AAS 56 (1964), p. 634 S.; CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium, imprimis n. 8: AAS 57 (1965), p. 12. ut etiam ea quae licita sunt, sed non expediunt, prompte abdicare et Christo crucifixo se conformare assuescant.
The students are to be made clearly aware of the burdens they will be undertaking, and no problem of the priestly life is to be concealed from them. This is to be done, however, not that they should be almost solely concerned with the notion of danger in their future labors, but rather that they might be more readily conformed to a spiritual life that more than in any other way is actually strengthened by the very pastoral work they do. De oneribus ab ipsis suscipiendis alumni reddantur certiores, nulla vitae sacerdotalis difficultate reticita; ne tamen in futura operositate periculi rationem fere unice conspiciant, sed potius ad vitam spiritualem ex ipsa eorum pastorali actione quam maxime roborandam conformentur.
§10 Students who follow the venerable tradition of celibacy according to the holy and fixed laws of their own rite are to be educated to this state with great care. For renouncing thereby the companionship of marriage for the sake of the kingdom of heaven (cf. Matt. 19:12), they embrace the Lord with an undivided love altogether befitting the new covenant, bear witness to the resurrection of the world to come (cf. Luke 20:36), and obtain a most suitable aid for the continual exercise of that perfect charity whereby they can become all things to all men in their priestly ministry. Let them deeply realize how gratefully that state ought to be received, not, indeed, only as commanded by ecclesiastical law, but as a precious gift of God for which they should humbly pray. Through the inspiration and help of the grace of the Holy Spirit let them freely and generously hasten to respond to this gift. §10 Alumni qui secundum proprii ritus sanctas firmasque leges venerandam coelibatus sacerdotalis traditionem sequuntur, diligenti cura educentur ad hunc statum, in quo societati coniugali propter regnum coelorum renuntiantes (cf. Mat. 19, 12), Domino adhaerent amore indiviso(20)Cf. PIUS XII, Litt. Encycl. Sacra Virginitas, 25 mart. 1954: AAS 46 (1954), pp. 165 ss. novo Foederi intime congruente, futuri saeculi resurrectionis testimonium exhibent (cf. Lc. 20, 36)(21)Cf. S. CYPRIANUS, De habitu virginum, 22: PL 4, 475; S. AMBROSIUS, De virginibus I, 8, 52: PL 16, 202 s. et aptissimum consequuntur auxilium ad eam perfectam caritatem continuo exercendam, qua in ministerio sacerdotali omnia omnibus fieri valeant.(22)22 Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae: AAS 42 (1950), p. 663. Alte persentiant quam grato animo ille status suscipi debeat non quidem solum ut lege ecclesiastica praeceptus, sed ut pretiosum donum Dei humiliter impetrandum, cui gratia Spiritus Sancti excitante et adiuvante, libere et generose respondere properent.
Students ought rightly to acknowledge the duties and dignity of Christian matrimony, which is a sign of the love between Christ and the Church. Let them recognize, however, the surpassing excellence of virginity consecrated to Christ, so that with a maturely deliberate and generous choice they may consecrate themselves to the Lord by a complete gift of body and soul. Officia et dignitatem christiani matrimonii, quod amorem inter Christum et Ecclesiam repraesentat (cf. Eph. 5, 22-33), alumni debite cognoscant; perspiciant autem virginitatis Christo consecratae praecellentiam,(23)Cf. PIUS XII, Litt. Encycl. Sacra Virginitas, l. c., pp. 170-174. ita ut optione mature deliberata ac magnanimi, integra corporis et animi deditione Domino se devoveant.
They are to be warned of the dangers that threaten their chastity especially in present-day society. Aided by suitable safeguards, both divine and human, let them learn to integrate their renunciation of marriage in such a way that they may suffer in their lives and work not only no harm from celibacy but rather acquire a deeper mastery of soul and body and a fuller maturity, and more perfectly receive the blessedness spoken of in the Gospel. De periculis quae eorum castitati maxime in praesentis temporis societate occurrunt, moneantur;(24)Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, l. c., pp. 664 et 690 s. aptis praesidiis divinis humanisque adiuti, matrimonii renuntiationem ita integrare addiscant ut ipsorum vita et operositas ex coelibatu non modo ullum patiatur detrimentum, sed potius ipsi altius animi corporisque dominium pleniorisque maturitatis profectum acquirant atque Evangelii beatitudinem perfectius percipiant.
§11 The norms of Christian education are to be religiously observed and properly complemented by the newer findings of sound psychology and pedagogy. Therefore, by a wisely planned training there is also to be developed in the students a due human maturity. This will be made especially evident in stability of mind, in an ability to make weighty decisions, and in a sound evaluation of men and events. The students should be accustomed to work properly at their own development. They are to be formed in strength of character, and, in general, they are to learn to esteem those virtues which are held in high regard by men and which recommend a minister of Christ. Such virtues are sincerity of mind, a constant concern for justice, fidelity to one's promises, refinement in manners, modesty in speech coupled with charity. §11 Christianae educationis normae sancte serventur, et recentioribus sanae psychologiae et paedagogiae inventis rite compleantur. Institutione igitur sapienter ordinata in alumnis excolenda est etiam debita maturitas humana, praecipue comprobata in quadam animi stabilitate, in facultate ferendi ponderatas decisiones atque in recta de eventibus et hominibus iudicandi ratione. Alumni propriam indolem recte componere assuescant; ad animi fortitudinem formentur et in universum illas virtutes aestimare discant quae inter homines pluris fiunt et Christi ministrum commendant,(25)Cf. PAULUS VI, Ep. Apost. Summi Dei Verbum, 4 nov. 1963: AAS 55 (1963), p. 991. cuiusmodi sunt animi sinceritas, assidua iustitiae cura, promissis servata fides, in agendo urbanitas, in colloquendo modestia cum caritate coniuncta.
The discipline of seminary life is to be reckoned not only as a strong safeguard of community life and of charity but also as a necessary part of the total whole training formation. For thereby self- mastery is acquired, solid personal maturity is promoted, and the other dispositions of mind are developed which very greatly aid the ordered and fruitful activity of the Church. Seminary discipline should be so maintained, however, that the students acquire an internal attitude whereby they accept the authority of superiors from personal conviction, that is to say, from a motive of conscience (cf. Rom. 13:5), and for supernatural reasons. The norms of discipline are to be applied according to the age of the students so that they themselves, as they gradually learn self-mastery, may become accustomed to use freedom wisely, to act spontaneously and energetically, and to work together harmoniously with their fellows and with the laity. Vitae Seminarii disciplina aestimanda est non solum validum vitae communis caritatisque praesidium, sed totius institutionis necessaria pars ad sui dominium acquirendum, ad solidam personae maturitatem promovendam ceterasque animi dispositiones efformandas quae ordinatam et fructuosam Ecclesiae operositatem maxime iuvant. Ita tamen exerceatur ut fiat alumnorum interna aptitudo qua auctoritas superiorum ex intima persuasione seu propter conscientiam (cf. Rom. 13, 5) et propter supernaturales rationes suscipiatur. Disciplinae vero normae iuxta alumnorum aetatem ita applicentur ut ipsi, dum gradatim sibimetipsis moderari addiscant, libertate sapienter uti, sponte naviterque agere(26)Cf. PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, l. c., p. 686. et cum confratribus et laicis sociam praestare operam assuescant.
The whole pattern of seminary life, permeated with a desire for piety and silence and a careful concern for mutual help, must be so arranged that it provides, in a certain sense, an initiation into the future life which the priest shall lead. Tota Seminarii ratio, pietatis et silentii studio atque mutui adiutorii sollicitudine perfusa, ita ordinetur oportet ut iam quaedam initiatio sit futurae vitae a sacerdote ducendae.
§12 In order that the spiritual training rest upon a more solid basis and that the students embrace their vocation with a fully deliberate choice, it will be the prerogative of the bishops to establish a fitting period of time for a more intense introduction to the spiritual life. It will also be their charge to determine the opportuneness of providing for a certain interruption in the studies or of establishing a suitable introduction to pastoral work, in order that they may more satisfactorily test the fitness of candidates for the priesthood. In accordance with the conditions of individual regions it will also be the bishops' responsibility to make a decision about extending the age beyond that demanded at present by common law for the reception of sacred orders, and of deliberating whether it be opportune to rule that students, at the end of their course in theology, exercise the order of deacon for a fitting period of time before being promoted to the priesthood. §12 Ut spiritualis institutio solidiore ratione innitatur et alumni vocationem optione mature deliberata amplectantur, Episcoporum erit congruum instaurare temporis intervallum pro impensiore tirocinio spirituali. Eorundem quoque erit opportunitatem perpendere quandam studiorum interruptionem statuendi vel aptum tirocinium pastorale disponendi ut sacerdotii candidatorum probationi satius consulatur. Pro singularum regionum condicionibus Episcoporum pariter erit decernere de protrahenda aetate a iure communi in praesenti pro sacris ordinibus expostulata necnon deliberare de opportunitate statuendi ut alumni, expleto cursu theologico, per congruum tempus diaconalem exerceant ordinem, antequam ad sacerdotium promoveantur.
§13 Before beginning specifically ecclesiastical subjects, seminarians should be equipped with that humanistic and scientific training which young men in their own countries are wont to have as a foundation for higher studies. Moreover they are to acquire a knowledge of Latin which will enable them to understand and make use of the sources of so many sciences and of the documents of the Church. The study of the liturgical language proper to each rite should be considered necessary; a suitable knowledge of the languages of the Bible and of Tradition should be greatly encouraged. §13 Antequam sacrorum alumni studia proprie ecclesiastica aggrediantur, ea humanistica et scientifica institutione ornentur, qua iuvenes in sua cuiusque natione superiora studia inire valeant; ac praeterea eam linguae latinae cognitionem acquirant, qua tot scientiarum fontes et Ecclesiae documenta intelligere atque adhibere possint.(27)Cf. PAULUS VI, Ep. Apost. Summi Dei Verbum, l. c., p. 993. Studium linguae liturgicae unicuique ritui propriae necessarium habeatur, cognitio vero congrua linguarum Sacrae Scripturae et Traditionis valde foveatur.
§14 In revising ecclesiastical studies the aim should first of all be that the philosophical and theological disciplines be more suitably aligned and that they harmoniously work toward opening more and more the minds of the students to the mystery of Christ. For it is this mystery which affects the whole history of the human race, continually influences the Church, and is especially at work in the priestly ministry. §14 In ecclesiasticis studiis recognoscendis eo imprimis spectandum est ut disciplinae philosophicae et theologicae aptius componantur et concordi ratione conspirent ad alumnorum mentibus magis magisque aperiendum Mysterium Christi quod totam generis humani historiam afficit, in Ecclesiam iugiter influit et ministerio sacerdotali praecipue operatur.(28)Cf. CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium nn. 7 et 28: AAS 57 (1965), pp. 9-11; 33.
That this vision be communicated to the students from the outset of their training, ecclesiastical studies are to be begun with an introductory course which should last for an appropriate length of time. In this initiation to ecclesiastical studies the mystery of salvation should be so proposed that the students perceive the meaning, order, and pastoral end of their studies. At the same time they should be helped to establish and penetrate their own entire lives with faith and be strengthened in embracing their vocation with a personal dedication and a joyful heart. Ut haec visio ab institutionis limine cum alumnis communicetur, studia ecclesiastica inchoentur cursu introductorio per congruum tempus protrahendo. In hac studiorum initiatione Mysterium salutis ita proponatur ut alumni studiorum ecclesiasticorum sensum, ordinem eorumque finem pastoralem conspiciant simulque ad propriam vitam universam fide fundandam et penetrandam iuventur atque in vocatione deditione personali et laeto animo amplectenda firmentur.
§15 The philosophical disciplines are to be taught in such a way that the students are first of all led to acquire a solid and coherent knowledge of man, the world, and of God, relying on a philosophical patrimony which is perennially valid and taking into account the philosophical investigations of later ages. This is especially true of those investigations which exercise a greater influence in their own nations. Account should also be taken of the more recent progress of the sciences. The net result should be that the students, correctly understanding the characteristics of the contemporary mind, will be duly prepared for dialogue with men of their time. §15 Philosophicae disciplinae ita tradantur ut alumni imprimis ad solidam et cohaerentem hominis, mundi et Dei cognitionem acquirendam manuducantur, innixi patrimonio philosophico perenniter valido,(29)Cf. PIUS XII, Litt. Encycl. Humani Generis, 12 aug. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), pp. 571-575. ratione quoque habita philosophicarum investigationum progredientis aetatis, praesertim earum quae in propria natione maiorem influxum exercent, necnon recentioris scientiarum progressus, ita ut alumni hodiernae aetatis indole recte percepta ad colloquium cum hominibus sui temporis opportune praeparentur.(30)Cf. PAULUS VI, Litt. Encycl. Ecclesiam suam, 6 aug. 1964: AAS 56 (1964), pp. 637 ss.
The history of philosophy should be so taught that the students, while reaching the ultimate principles of the various systems, will hold on to what is proven to be true therein and will be able to detect the roots of errors and to refute them. Historia philosophiae ita tradatur ut alumni, dum variorum systematum principia ultima attingunt, ea quae ibi vera probantur teneant, errorum radices detegere eosque refellere valeant.
In the very manner of teaching there should be stirred up in the students a love of rigorously searching for the truth and of maintaining and demonstrating it, together with an honest recognition of the limits of human knowledge. Attention must be carefully drawn to the necessary connection between philosophy and the true problems of life, as well as the questions which preoccupy the minds of the students. Likewise students should be helped to perceive the links between the subject-matter of philosophy and the mysteries of salvation which are considered in theology under the higher light of faith. In ipsa docendi ratione excitetur in alumnis amor veritatis rigorose quaerendae, observandae, demonstrandae simul cum honesta agnitione limitum cognitionis humanae. Sedulo attendatur ad necessitudinem inter philosophiam et vera problemata vitae necnon quaestiones quae alumnorum mentes movent; ipsi quoque adiuventur ad perspiciendos nexus qui intercedunt inter argumenta philosophica et mysteria salutis quae in theologia superiore lumine fidei considerantur.
§16 The theological disciplines, in the light of faith and under the guidance of the magisterium of the Church, should be so taught that the students will correctly draw out Catholic doctrine from divine revelation, profoundly penetrate it, make it the food of their own spiritual lives, and be enabled to proclaim, explain, and protect it in their priestly ministry. §16 Disciplinae theologicae, in lumine fidei, sub Ecclesiae Magisterii ductu(31)Cf. PIUS XII, Litt. Encycl. Humani Generis, 12 aug. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), pp. 567-569; Allocutio Si diligis, 31 maii 1954: AAS 46 (1954), p. 314 s.; PAULUS VI, Allocutio in Gregoriana Pontificia Studiorum Universitate habita, 12 mart. 1964: AAS 56 (1964), p. 364 s.; CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium n. 25: AAS 57 (1965), pp. 29-31. ita tradantur ut alumni doctrinam catholicam ex divina Revelatione accurate hauriant, profunde penetrent, propriae vitae spiritualis reddant alimentum(32)Cf. S. BONAVENTURA, Itinerarium mentis in Deum, Prol., n. 4: «(Nemo) credat quod sibi sufficiat lectio sine unctione, speculatio sine devotione, investigatio sine admiratione, circumspectio sine exsultatione, industria sine pietate, scientia sine charitate, intelligentia sine humilitate, studium absque divina gratia, speculum absque sapientia divinitus inspirata» (S. BONAVENTURA, Opera Omnia, V, Quaracchi 1891, p. 296). eamque in ministerio sacerdotali annuntiare, exponere atque tueri valeant.
The students are to be formed with particular care in the study of the Bible, which ought to be, as it were, the soul of all theology. After a suitable introduction they are to be initiated carefully into the method of exegesis; and they are to see the great themes of divine revelation and to receive from their daily reading of and meditating on the sacred books inspiration and nourishment. Sacrae Scripturae studio, quae universae theologiae veluti anima esse debet,(33)Cf. LEO XIII, Litt. Encycl. Providentissimus Deus, 18 nov. 1893: ASS 26 (1893-94), p. 283. peculiari diligentia alumni instituantur; congrua introductione praemissa, in exegeseos methodum accurate initientur, maxima divinae Revelationis themata perspiciant et in Sacris Libris quotidie legendis et meditandis incitamentum et nutrimentum recipiant.(34)Cf. PONTIFICIA COMMISSIO DE RE BIBLICA, Instructio de Sacra Scriptura recte docenda, 13 maii 1950: AAS 42 (1950), p. 502.
Dogmatic theology should be so arranged that these biblical themes are proposed first of all. Next there should be opened up to the students what the Fathers of the Eastern and Western Church have contributed to the faithful transmission and development of the individual truths of revelation. The further history of dogma should also be presented, account being taken of its relation to the general history of the Church. Next, in order that they may illumine the mysteries of salvation as completely as possible, the students should learn to penetrate them more deeply with the help of speculation, under the guidance of St. Thomas, and to perceive their interconnections. They should be taught to recognize these same mysteries as present and working in liturgical actions and in the entire life of the Church. They should learn to seek the solutions to human problems under the light of revelation, to apply the eternal truths of revelation to the changeable conditions of human affairs and to communicate them in a way suited to men of our day. Theologia dogmatica ita disponatur ut ipsa themata biblica primum proponantur; quid Patres Ecclesiae Orientis et Occidentis ad singulas Revelationis veritates fideliter transmittendas et enucleandas contulerint necnon ulterior dogmatis historia -considerata quoque ipsius relatione ad generalem Ecclesiae historiam- alumnis aperiatur;(35)Cf. PIUS XII, Litt. Encycl. Humani Generis, 12 aug. 1950: AAS 42 (1950), p. 568 s.: «... sacrorum fontium studio sacrae disciplinae semper iuvenescunt; dum contra speculatio quae ulteriorem sacri depositi inquisitionem neglegit, ut experiundo novimus, sterilis evadit». deinde ad mysteria salutis integre quantum fieri potest illustranda, ea ope speculationis, S. Thoma magistro, intimius penetrare eorumque nexum perspicere alumni addiscant;(36)Cf. PIUS XII, Sermo ad Alumnos Seminariorum, 24 iunii 1939: AAS 31 (1939), p. 247: «Aemulatio ... in veritate quaerenda et propaganda per commendationem doctrinae S. Thomae non supprimitur, sed excitatur potius ac tuto dirigitur». PAULUS VI, Allocutio in Gregoriana Pont. Studiorum Univ. habita, 12 mart. 1964: AAS 56 (1964), p. 365: «(Magistri) ... vocem Ecclesiae Doctorum reverenter auscultent, inter quos Divus Aquinas praecipuum obtinet locum; Angelici enim Doctoris tanta est ingenii vis, tam sincerus veritatis amor, ac tanta sapientia in altissimis veritatibus pervestigandis, illustrandis aptissimoque unitatis nexu colligendis, ut ipsius doctrina efficacissimum sit instrumentum non solum ad Fidei fundamenta in tuto collocanda, sed etiam ad sanae progressionis fructus utiliter et secure percipiendos». Cf. etiam Allocutio coram VI Congressu Internationali Thomistico, 10 sept. 1965: AAS 57 (1965), pp. 788-792. eademque semper in actionibus liturgicis(37)Cf. CONC. VAT. II. Const. de Sacra Liturgia, Sacrosanctum Concilium, nn. 7 et 16: AAS 56 (1964), pp. 100 s. et 104 s. et universa Ecclesiae vita praesentia et operantia agnoscere doceantur; atque humanorum problematum solutiones sub Revelationis luce quaerere, eius aeternas veritates mutabili rerum humanarum condicioni applicare easque modo coaevis hominibus accommodato communicare discant.(38)Cf. PAULUS VI, Litt. Encycl. Ecclesiam suam, 6 aug. 1964: AAS 56 (1964), p. 640 s.
Likewise let the other theological disciplines be renewed through a more living contact with the mystery of Christ and the history of salvation. Special care must be given to the perfecting of moral theology. Its scientific exposition, nourished more on the teaching of the Bible, should shed light on the loftiness of the calling of the faithful in Christ and the obligation that is theirs of bearing fruit in charity for the life of the world. Similarly the teaching of canon law and of Church history should take into account the mystery of the Church, according to the dogmatic constitution "De Ecclesia" promulgated by this sacred synod. Sacred liturgy, which is to be considered as the primary and indispensable source of the truly Christian spirit, should be taught according to the mind of articles 15 and 16 of the Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy. Item ceterae theologicae disciplinae ex vividiore cum Mysterio Christi et historia salutis contactu instaurentur. Specialis cura impendatur Theologiae morali perficiendae, cuius scientifica expositio, doctrina S. Scripturae magis nutrita, celsitudinem vocationis fidelium in Christo illustret eorumque obligationem in caritate pro mundi vita fructum ferendi. Similiter in iure canonico exponendo et in historia ecclesiastica tradenda respiciatur ad Mysterium Ecclesiae, secundum Constitutionem dogmaticam «De Ecclesia» ab hac S. Synodo promulgatam. Sacra Liturgia quae primus, isque necessarius fons spiritus vere christiani habenda est, doceatur ad mentem articulorum 15 et 16 Constitutionis de Sacra Liturgia.(39)Cf. CONC. VAT. II, Const. de Sacra Liturgia, Sacrosanctum Concilium, nn. 10, 14, 15, 16; S. CONGR. RITUUM, I nstructio ad exsecutionem Constitutionis de Sacra Liturgia recte ordinandam, 26 sept. 1964, nn. 11 et 12: AAS 56 (1964), p. 879 s.
The circumstances of various regions being duly considered, students are to be brought to a fuller understanding of the churches and ecclesial communities separated from the Apostolic Roman See, so that they may be able to contribute to the work of re- establishing unity among all Christians according to the prescriptions of this holy synod. Variarum regionum condicionibus opportune consideratis, manuducantur alumni ad plenius cognoscendas Ecclesias et Communitates ecclesiales a Sede Apostolica Romana seiunctas, ut unitatis redintegrationi inter universos Christianos secundum huius S. Synodi praescripta promovendae conferre valeant.(40)Cf. CONC. VAT. II, Decr. de Oecumenismo, Unitatis Redintegratio nn. 1, 9, 10: AAS 57 (1965), pp. 90 et 98 s.
Let them also be introduced to a knowledge of other religions which are more widespread in individual regions, so that they may acknowledge more correctly what truth and goodness these religions, in God's providence, possess, and so that they may learn to refute their errors and be able to communicate the full light of truth to those who do not have it. Introducantur etiam ad alias religiones cognoscendas in singulis regionibus magis vulgatas, quo melius id quod boni et veri, Deo disponente, habent, agnoscant, errores refellere discant et plenum veritatis lumen non habentibus communicare valeant.
§17 But since doctrinal training ought to tend not to a mere communication of ideas but to a true and intimate formation of the students, teaching methods are to be revised both as regards lectures, discussions, and seminars and also the development of study on the part of the students, whether done privately or in small groups. Unity and soundness of the entire training is carefully to be provided for by avoiding an excessive multiplication of courses and lectures and by the omission of those questions which scarcely retain any importance or which ought to be referred to higher academic studies. §17 Cum vero doctrinalis institutio non ad meram notionum communicationem, sed ad veram intimamque alumnorum formationem tendere debeat, methodi didacticae recognoscantur tum ad praelectiones, colloquia et exercitationes quod attinet, tum quoad alumnorum studium sive privatum sive in parvis coetibus excitandum. Totius institutionis unitas ac soliditas sedulo curetur, vitata nimia disciplinarum et lectionum multiplicatione atque iis quaestionibus omissis, quae vix ullum momentum retinent vel quae ad altiora academica studia remittenda sunt.
§18 It will be the bishops' concern that young men suited by temperament, virtue, and ability be sent to special institutes faculties, or universities so that priests may be trained at a higher scientific level in the sacred sciences and in other fields which may be judged opportune. Thus they will be able to meet the various needs of the apostolate. The spiritual and pastoral training of these men, however, especially if they are not yet ordained as priests, is in no way to be neglected. §18 Episcoporum erit curare ut iuvenes indole, virtute et ingenio apti ad peculiaria Instituta, Facultates vel Universitates mittantur ut in scientiis sacris necnon in aliis quae opportunae videantur, sacerdotes praeparentur altiore ratione scientifica instructi, qui variis apostolatus necessitatibus satisfacere valeant; eorum vero institutio spiritualis et pastoralis, maxime si sacerdotio nondum sint aucti, nullo modo negligatur.
§19 That pastoral concern which ought to permeate thoroughly the entire training of the students also demands that they be diligently instructed in those matters which are particularly linked to the sacred ministry, especially in catechesis and preaching, in liturgical worship and the administration of the sacraments, in works of charity, in assisting the erring and the unbelieving, and in the other pastoral functions. They are to be carefully instructed in the art of directing souls, whereby they will be able to bring all the sons of the Church first of all to a fully conscious and apostolic Christian life and to the fulfillment of the duties of their state of life. Let them learn to help, with equal solicitude, religious men and women that they may persevere in the grace of their vocations and may make progress according to the spirit of their various Institutes. §19 Pastoralis illa sollicitudo quae integram prorsus alumnorum institutionem informare debet,(41)Perfecta pastoris forma potest deduci ex recentiorum Pontificum documentis quae de vita, de dotibus et de institutione Sacerdotum distincte agunt, imprimis: S. PIUS X, Exhort. ad Clerum Haerent animo, S. Pii X Acta, IV, pp. 237 ss.; PIUS XI, Litt. Encycl. Ad Catholici Sacerdotii: AAS 28 (1936), pp. 5 ss.; PIUS XII, Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae: AAS 42 (1950), pp. 657 ss.; IOANNES XXIII, Litt. Encycl. Sacerdotii Nostri Primordia: AAS 51 (1959), pp. 545 ss.; PAULUS VI, Ep. Apost. Summi Dei Verbum: AAS 55 (1963), pp. 979 ss. Non pauca de formatione pastorali inveniuntur etiam in Litt. Encycl. Mystici Corporis (1943), Mediator Dei (1947), Evangelii Praecones (1951), Sacra Virginitas (1954), Musicae Sacrae Disciplina (1955), Princeps Pastorum (1959), necnon in Const. Apost. Sedes Sapientiae (1956) pro Religiosis. PIUS XII, IOANNES XXIII et PAULUS VI etiam in suis allocutionibus ad seminaristas et sacerdotes formam boni pastoris compluries illustrarunt. postulat etiam ut ipsi diligenter instruantur in iis quae peculiari ratione ad sacrum ministerium spectant, praesertim in catechesi et praedicatione, in cultu liturgico et sacramentorum administratione, in operibus caritatis, in officio occurrendi errantibus et incredulis, et in ceteris pastoralibus muneribus. Accurate instituantur in animarum moderandarum arte, qua universos Ecclesiae filios imprimis ad vitam christianam plene consciam et apostolicam atque ad sui status officia implenda conformare valeant; pari sollicitudine adiuvare discant religiosos et religiosas ut in propriae vocationis gratia perseverent et secundum variorum Institutorum spiritum proficiant.(42)De momento status, qui professione consiliorum evangelicorum constituitur cf. CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium, cap. VI: AAS 57 (1965), pp. 49-53; Decr. de accommodata renovatione vitae religiosae, Perfectae Caritatis.
In general, those capabilities are to be developed in the students which especially contribute to dialogue with men, such as the ability to listen to others and to open their hearts and minds in the spirit of charity to the various circumstances and needs of men. In universum in alumnis congruae aptitudines excolantur, quae maxime ad dialogum cum hominibus conferunt, uti sunt capacitas alios audiendi et ad varia necessitudinis humanae adiuncta animum aperiendi in spiritu caritatis.(43)Cf. PAULUS VI, Litt. Encycl. Ecclesiam suam, 6 aug. 1964: AAS 56 (1964), passim, imprimis pp. 635 s. et 640 ss.
§20 They should also be taught to use the aids which the disciplines of pedagogy, psychology, and sociology can provide, according to correct methodology and the norms of ecclesiastical authority. Likewise, let them be properly instructed in inspiring and fostering the apostolic activity of the laity and in promoting the various and more effective forms of the apostolate. Let them also be imbued with that truly Catholic spirit which will accustom them to transcend the limits of their own diocese, nation, or rite, and to help the needs of the whole Church, prepared in spirit to preach the Gospel everywhere. §20 Subsidiis quoque uti edoceantur quae disciplinae sive paedagogicae, sive psychologicae, sive sociologicae(44)Cf. imprimis IOANNES XXIII, Litt. Encycl. Mater et Magistra, 15 maii 1961: AAS 53 (1961), pp. 401 ss. afferre valent, iuxta rectas methodos et Auctoritatis Ecclesiasticae normas. Item ad apostolicam laicorum actionem excitandam ac fovendam accurate instruantur,(45)Cf. praecipue CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium n. 33: AAS 57 (1965), p. 39. necnon ad varias efficacioresque apostolatus formas promovendas; atque eo spiritu vere catholico imbuantur, quo propriae dioecesis, nationis vel ritus fines transcendere et totius Ecclesiae necessitates iuvare assuescant, animo parati ad Evangelium ubique praedicandum.(46)Cf. CONC. VAT. II, Const. dogm. de Ecclesia, Lumen Gentium, n. 17: AAS 57 (1965), p. 20 s.
But since it is necessary for the students to learn the art of exercising the apostolate not only theoretically but also practically, and to be able to act both on their own responsibility and in harmonious conjunction with others, they should be initiated into pastoral work, both during their course of studies and also during the time of vacations, by opportune practical projects. These should be carried out in accordance with the age of the students and local conditions, and with the prudent judgment of the bishops, methodically and under the leadership of men skilled in pastoral work, the surpassing power of supernatural means being always remembered. §21 Cum vero opus sit ut alumni apostolatus exercendi artem non tantum theoretice, sed etiam practice addiscant atque propria responsabilitate et consociata opera agere valeant, iidem iam per studiorum curriculum, feriarum quoque tempore, praxi pastorali initientur per opportunas exercitationes; quae vero pro alumnorum aetate ac locorum condicione, prudenti Episcoporum iudicio, methodice et sub virorum in re pastorali peritorum ductu fieri debent, praepollente supernaturalium auxiliorum vi semper memorata.(47)Plurima documenta Pontificia praemonent contra periculum in actione pastorali neglegendi finem supernaturalem et parvipendendi saltem practice subsidia supernaturalia; cf. imprimis documenta in nota 41 laudata.
§21 Since priestly training, because of the circumstances particularly of contemporary society, must be pursued and perfected even after the completion of the course of studies in seminaries, it will be the responsibility of episcopal conferences in individual nations to employ suitable means to this end. Such would be pastoral institutes working together with suitably chosen parishes, meetings held at stated times, and appropriate projects whereby the younger clergy would be gradually introduced into the priestly life and apostolic activity, under its spiritual, intellectual, and pastoral aspects, and would be able, day by day, to renew and foster them more effectively. §22 Cum sacerdotalis institutio, ob recentioris potissimum societatis rerum adiuncta, etiam studiorum in Seminariis curriculo absoluto prosequenda atque perficienda sit,(48)Recentiora S. Sedis documenta particularem de neosacerdotibus curam habendam urgent; commemoranda sunt imprimis: PIUS XII, Motu Proprio Quandoquidem, 2 aprilis 1949: AAS 41 (1949), pp. 165-167; Adhort. Apost. Menti Nostrae, 23 septembris 1950: AAS 42 (1950); Const. Apost. (pro Religiosis) Sedes Sapientiae, 31 maii 1956 et Statuta Generalia adnexa; Allocutio ad sacerdotes «Convictus Barcinonensis», 14 iunii 1957: Discorsi e Radiomessaggi, XIX, pp. 271-273. PAULUS VI, Allocutio coram sacerdotibus Instituti «Gian Matteo Giberti» dioecesis Veronensis, 11 martii 1964: L'Osservatore Romano, 13 marzo 1964. Conferentiarum Episcoporum erit in singulis nationibus aptiora media adhibere, cuiusmodi sunt pastoralia Instituta cum paroeciis opportune selectis cooperantia, conventus statis temporibus cogendi et accommodatae exercitationes quarum ope iunior clerus sub aspectu spirituali, intellectuali et pastorali in sacerdotalem vitam atque apostolicam operositatem gradatim introducatur easque in dies magis renovare ac fovere valeat.
The Fathers of this holy synod have pursued the work begun by the Council of Trent. While they confidently entrust to seminary administrators and teachers the task of forming the future priests of Christ in the spirit of the renewal promoted by this sacred synod, they earnestly exhort those who are preparing for the priestly ministry to realize that the hope of the Church and the salvation of souls is being committed to them. They urge them also to receive the norms of this decree willingly and thus to bring forth most abundant fruit which will always remain. Huius Sanctae Synodi Patres, opus a Concilio Tridentino inchoatum prosequentes, dum Seminariorum moderatoribus et magistris fidenter concredunt munus futuros Christi sacerdotes efformandi in spiritu renovationis ab hac Sacrosancta Synodo promotae, eos qui ad sacerdotale ministerium se praeparant, vehementer hortantur ut ipsi spem Ecclesiae animarumque salutem sibi committi persentiant atque huius Decreti normas libenti animo suscipientes, fructus qui semper maneant, uberrimos afferant.
Haec omnia et singula quae in hoc Decreto edicta sunt, placuerunt Sacrosancti Concilii Patribus. Et Nos, Apostolica a Christo Nobis tradita potestate, illa, una cum Venerabilibus Patribus, in Spiritu Sancto approbamus, decernimus ac statuimus et quae ita synodaliter statuta sunt ad Dei gloriam promulgari iubemus.
Romae, apud S. Petrum die XXVIII mensis octobris anno MCMLXV.